Primary types of luster decoration included:. Sporting a pink lustrous background mottled with white splotches, this decoration was used on molded shell-shaped bowls and other vessels. Random patches of grey, yellow and orange help provide a marbled effect in the variegated wares. The decoration was achieved using a feather or a brush Gibson Sources indicate that moonlight luster was first produced in either Cushion This type of decoration occurs mostly on creamware and pearlware, but also appears on Spode porcelain Godden and Gibson Overall luster was used on popular silver tea service shapes, as well as other vessels like pepper pots, salts and candlesticks.
Since the intent was to imitate precious metals, no other forms of decoration painting, sprigging, printing were used in combination with silver overall lusterware Bedford Copper lusterware, by far the most commonly produced overall luster, was often paired with bands of color to which painted, printed or sprigged decoration was added Gibson b: It appears that the first overall luster was produced in England around and was in widespread production by Godden and Gibson After the invention of silver electroplating in , the production of overall luster virtually ceased.
Pieces produced later tend to be heavier and less finely executed than the earlier examples of overall luster Gibson b: Splashed or mottled Luster — This technique was almost always produced using pink luster. Spraying pink luster with fine drops of oil formed small pools on surface, which expanded and burst in the kiln to create a mottled surface very similar to the earlier moonlight luster Gibson None of the sources used in preparing this essay stated a production date range for splashed luster, but pictured examples that were dated were generally placed in the circa to s range.
Luster decoration could also take the form of painted or stenciled designs. Painting could occur either in the conventional manner or as a resist. In the conventional manner, a brush was used to either freehand paint or stencil designs in the chosen metallic oxide.
How To Collect: Pink Lustreware
Painted and stenciled designs included floral and geometric motifs, vines, birds and scenes depicting cottages, landscapes, churches and hunting Gibson Pink and purple luster painted freehand over a glazed white surface was produced as early as circa and remained popular until around the s Hughes Pitchers were produced in a range of sizes from cream pitchers to large milk pitchers, as well as small coffeepots and teapots.
Tea sets came a bit later, usually featuring creamers, sugar bowls, and slop bowls. Large pitchers with transfer printed commemorative scenes appear to have arrived around the middle of the 19th century. These were purely decorative and today command high prices because of their historical connections. Delicate lustre imitating mother-of-pearl was produced by Wedgwood and at Belleek in the mid-century, derived from bismuth nitrate.
Under the impetus of the Aesthetic Movement , William de Morgan revived lustrewares in a manner drawing from lustred majolica and Hispano-Moresque wares, with fine, bold designs. In the United States, copper lusterware became popular because of its lustrousness. Apparently, as gaslights became available to the rich, the fad was to place groupings of lusterware on mirror platforms to be used as centerpieces for dinner parties. Gaslights accentuated their lustrousness. Sugar bowl from a coffee-set, French faience from Sarreguemines , c.
Vase by William de Morgan , , English. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bowl, Kashan , Iran, c. Bowl, Raqqa , Syria, around Star tile, Kashan , Iran, 13thth century. The Islamic Lands and China. British Museum Press, ; p. Glass from Islamic Lands. The Invention of Lustre: Iraq 9th and 10th centuries AD. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, , p.
- Navigation menu!
- Shop by category;
- dating liquor tax stamps;
Islamic influences on glass and ceramics of the Italian Renaissance , Getty Publications, p. Glazes need to include a ceramic flux which functions by promoting partial liquefaction in the clay bodies, fluxes lower the high melting point of the glass formers silica, and sometimes boron trioxide. These glass former may be included in the materials, or may be drawn from the clay beneath.
Raw materials of ceramic glazes generally include silica, which will be the glass former. Various metal oxides, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, alumina, often derived from clay, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colorants, such as oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate. Most commonly, glazes in aqueous suspension of various powdered minerals, other techniques include pouring the glaze over the piece, spraying it onto the piece with an airbrush or similar tool, or applying it directly with a brush or other tool.
Small marks left by these spurs are sometimes visible on finished ware, decoration applied under the glaze on pottery is generally referred to as underglaze. Redox — Redox is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. Any such reaction involves both a process and a complementary oxidation process, two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes. Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed, in general, the chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized, while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced.
It can be explained in terms, Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in state by a molecule, atom. As an example, during the combustion of wood, oxygen from the air is reduced, the reaction can occur relatively slowly, as in the case of rust, or more quickly, as in the case of fire.
Redox is a portmanteau of reduction and oxidation, the word oxidation originally implied reaction with oxygen to form an oxide, since dioxygen was historically the first recognized oxidizing agent. Later, the term was expanded to encompass oxygen-like substances that accomplished parallel chemical reactions, ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving loss of electrons. The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as an oxide to extract the metal.
In other words, ore was reduced to metal, antoine Lavoisier showed that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists realized that the atom gains electrons in this process. The meaning of reduction then became generalized to all processes involving gain of electrons. Even though reduction seems counter-intuitive when speaking of the gain of electrons, it help to think of reduction as the loss of oxygen.
Since electrons are charged, it is also helpful to think of this as reduction in electrical charge. The electrochemist John Bockris has used the words electronation and deelectronation to describe reduction and oxidation processes respectively when they occur at electrodes and these words are analogous to protonation and deprotonation, but they have not been widely adopted by chemists.
The term hydrogenation could be used instead of reduction, since hydrogen is the agent in a large number of reactions. But, unlike oxidation, which has been generalized beyond its root element, the word redox was first used in The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot happen independently of one another, the oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. Kiln — A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.
Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, tiles, various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing—to calcinate ores, to calcinate limestone to lime for cement, and to transform many other materials. During the Middle English Period, the n was not pronounced, as evidenced by kiln having frequently been spelled without the n, Another word, miln, a place where wheat is ground, also had a silent n.
Lusterware - Wikipedia
Whereas the spelling of miln was changed to mill to match its pronunciation, kiln maintained its spelling, which most likely led to a common mispronunciation, however, there are small bastions where the original pronunciation has endured. Kiln, Mississippi, a town known for its wood drying kilns that once served the timber industry, is still referred to as the Kill by locals.
Unwittingly adding the n sound at the end of kiln is due to people being introduced to the word through the language before ever hearing the actual pronunciation. Bowen , The digraph ln, n silent, occurs in kiln. A fall down the kiln can kill you, Bowen was pointing out the humorous fact that kill and kiln are homophones. A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning, the earliest known kiln dates to around BC, and was found at the Yarim Tepe site in modern Iraq.
Ceramics require heat at high temperatures so chemical and physical reactions will occur to permanently alter the unfired body, in the case of pottery, clay materials are shaped, dried and then fired in a kiln. The final characteristics are determined by the composition and preparation of the clay body, after a first firing glazes may be used and the ware is fired a second time to fuse the glaze into the body. A third firing at a lower temperature may be required to fix overglaze decoration, modern kilns often have sophisticated electrical control systems to firing regime, although pyrometric devices are often also used.
Clay consists of fine-grained particles, that are weak and porous.
Japan Lusterware
Clay is combined with other minerals to create a clay body. Part of the process includes sintering. This heats the clay until the particles partially melt and flow together, creating a strong, single mass, composed of a glassy phase interspersed with pores, through firing, the pores are reduced in size, causing the material to shrink slightly. Mary Magdalene — Mary Magdalene, literally translated as Mary the Magdalene or Mary of Magdala, was a Jewish woman who, according to texts included in the New Testament, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers.
She is said to have witnessed Jesus crucifixion and resurrection, within the four Gospels she is named at least 12 times, more than most of the apostles. Based on texts of the early Christian era in the third century, the Gospel of Luke says seven demons had gone out of her, and the longer ending of Mark says Jesus had cast seven demons out of her. She is most prominent in the narrative of the crucifixion of Jesus, John 20 and Mark 16,9 specifically name her as the first person to see Jesus after his resurrection.
Ideas that go beyond the presentation of Mary Magdalene as a prominent representative of the women who followed Jesus have been put forward over the centuries. Mary Magdalene is considered to be a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, other Protestant churches honor her as a heroine of the faith.
The Eastern Orthodox churches also commemorate her on the Sunday of the Myrrhbearers, during the Middle Ages, Mary Magdalene was regarded in Western Christianity as a repentant prostitute or promiscuous woman, claims not found in any of the four canonical gospels. Mary was a common name in New Testament times, held by a number of women in the canonical Gospels.
Mary Magdalene In addition, there were Mary, the mother of James, in the four Gospels, Mary Magdalene is nearly always distinguished from other women named Mary by adding the Magdalene to her name. This has been interpreted to mean the woman from Magdala, a town on the shore of the Sea of Galilee.
The name had very popular during Jesus time due to its connections to the ruling Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.
Primary sources about Mary Magdalene come from the four canonical Gospels and these apocryphal sources are dated from the end of the 1st to the early 4th century, all written well after Saint Marys death. The canonical gospels are dated from the half of the 1st century.
In addition, the Gregorian figure of the composite Magdalen developed an elaborate literary, Luke 8,2 and Mark 16,9 say Jesus cleansed her of seven demons. Some interpret this as meaning that he healed her from mental or physical illnesses and that she provided for the apostles suggests she was prosperous. Maiolica — Maiolica, also called Majolica is Italian tin-glazed pottery dating from the Renaissance period. It is decorated in colours on a background, sometimes depicting historical and mythical scenes. By the late 15th century, several places, mainly small cities in northern and central Italy, were producing sophisticated pieces for a market in Italy.
The name is thought to come from the medieval Italian word for Majorca, moorish potters from Majorca are reputed to have worked in Sicily and it has been suggested that their wares reached the Italian mainland from Caltagirone. In the 15th century, the term maiolica referred solely to lusterware, eventually the term came to be used when describing ceramics made in Italy, lustred or not, of tin-glazed earthenware.