Halifax Explosion - Wikipedia
The committee organized members in charge of organizing medical relief for both Halifax and Dartmouth, supplying transportation, food and shelter, and covering medical and funeral costs for victims. Rescue trains were dispatched from across Atlantic Canada, as well as the northeastern United States.
The track had become impassable after Rockingham, on the western edge of Bedford Basin. To reach the wounded, rescue personnel had to walk through parts of the devastated city until they reached a point where the military had begun to clear the streets.
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Trains en route from other parts of Canada and from the United States were stalled in snowdrifts, and telegraph lines that had been hastily repaired following the explosion were again knocked down. Halifax was isolated by the storm, and rescue committees were forced to suspend the search for survivors; the storm aided efforts to put out fires throughout the city.
The exact number killed by the disaster is unknown. The last body, a caretaker killed at the Exhibition Grounds, was not recovered until the summer of A mortuary committee chaired by Alderman R. Coldwell was quickly formed at Halifax City Hall on the morning of the disaster. Trucks and wagons soon began to arrive with bodies. Barnstead took over from Coldwell as the morgue went into operation and implemented a system to carefully number and describe bodies; [] it was based on the system developed by his father, John Henry Barnstead, to identify Titanic victims in Many of the wounds inflicted by the blast were permanently debilitating, such as those caused by flying glass or by the flash of the explosion.
Thousands of people had stopped to watch the ship burning in the harbour, many from inside buildings, leaving them directly in the path of glass fragments from shattered windows. Roughly 5, eye injuries were reported, and 41 people lost their sight permanently. Dartmouth was not as densely populated as Halifax and was separated from the blast by the width of the harbour, but still suffered heavy damage. Almost people were estimated to have died on the Dartmouth side. Windows were shattered and many buildings were damaged or destroyed, including the Oland Brewery and parts of the Starr Manufacturing Company.
There were small enclaves of Mi'kmaq in and around the coves of Bedford Basin on the Dartmouth shore. The settlement, dating back to the 18th century, had been a subject of controversy because white settler landowners wanted to remove the Mi'kmaq residents. In the years and months preceding the explosion, the Department of Indian Affairs had been actively trying to force the Mi'kmaq to give up their land, but this had not occurred by the time of the explosion.
The black community of Africville , on the southern shores of Bedford Basin adjacent to the Halifax Peninsula , was spared the direct force of the blast by the shadow effect of the raised ground to the south. Many people in Halifax at first believed the explosion to be the result of a German attack. Johansen was arrested on suspicions of being a German spy when a search turned up a letter on his person, supposedly written in German.
A judicial inquiry known as the Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry was formed to investigate the causes of the collision. Evan Wyatt, the Royal Canadian Navy's chief examining officer in charge of the harbour, gates and anti-submarine defences, for causing the collision.
Demers' opinion that "it was the Mont-Blanc ' s responsibility alone to ensure that she avoided a collision at all costs" given her cargo; [] he was likely influenced by local opinion, which was strongly anti-French, as well as by the "street fighter" style of argumentation used by Imo lawyer Charles Burchell. Henry, this was "a great surprise to most people", who had expected the Imo to be blamed for being on the wrong side of the channel. McLeod, and bound over for trial. Mackey was discharged on a writ of habeas corpus and the charges dropped.
This left only Wyatt to face a grand jury hearing.
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On 17 April , a jury acquitted him in a trial that lasted less than a day. Drysdale also oversaw the first civil litigation trial, in which the owners of the two ships sought damages from each other. His decision 27 April found Mont-Blanc entirely at fault. Efforts began shortly after the explosion to clear debris, repair buildings, and establish temporary housing for survivors left homeless by the explosion. By late January , around 5, were still without shelter. Partial train service resumed from a temporary rail terminal in the city's South End on 7 December. Full service resumed on 9 December when tracks were cleared and the North Street Station reopened.
The Canadian Government Railways created a special unit to clear and repair railway yards as well as rebuild railway piers and the Naval Dockyard. Most piers returned to operation by late December and were repaired by January.
After the explosion, the Halifax Relief Commission approached the reconstruction of Richmond as an opportunity to improve and modernize the city's North End. English town planner Thomas Adams and Montreal architectural firm Ross and Macdonald were recruited to design a new housing plan for Richmond.
Adams, inspired by the Victorian garden city movement , aimed to provide public access to green spaces and to create a low-rise, low-density and multifunctional urban neighbourhood. It has now become an upscale neighbourhood and shopping district. Every building in the Halifax dockyard required some degree of rebuilding, as did HMCS Niobe and the docks themselves; all of the Royal Canadian Navy's minesweepers and patrol boats were undamaged.
The Halifax Explosion was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions. An extensive comparison of major explosions by Halifax historian Jay White in concluded that "Halifax Harbour remains unchallenged in overall magnitude as long as five criteria are considered together: For instance, in its report on the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Time wrote that the explosive power of the Little Boy bomb was seven times that of the Halifax Explosion.
The many eye injuries resulting from the disaster led to better understanding on the part of physicians of how to care for damaged eyes, and "with the recently formed Canadian National Institute for the Blind , Halifax became internationally known as a centre for care for the blind", according to Dalhousie University professor Victoria Allen. His insights from the explosion are generally credited with inspiring him to pioneer the specialty of pediatric surgery in North America. Having affected virtually every family and working collective in Halifax, the event was incredibly traumatic for the whole surviving community, so the memory was largely suppressed.
After the first anniversary, the city stopped commemorating the explosion for decades. The second official commemoration did not take place before the 50th anniversary in , and even after that, the activities stopped again. The library entrance featured the first monument built to mark the explosion, the Halifax Explosion Memorial Sculpture , created by artist Jordi Bonet. The Bell Tower is the location of an annual civic ceremony every 6 December. A memorial at the Halifax Fire Station on Lady Hammond Road honours the firefighters killed while responding to the explosion.
Simple monuments mark the mass graves of explosion victims at the Fairview Lawn Cemetery and the Bayers Road Cemetery. A Memorial Book listing the names of all the known victims is displayed at the Halifax North Memorial Library and at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, which has a large permanent exhibit about the Halifax Explosion.
Hugh MacLennan 's novel Barometer Rising is set in Halifax at the time of the explosion and includes a carefully researched description of its impact on the city. This work follows the love affair of a young woman and an injured soldier. The Halifax Explosion , which took the title but has no relationship to Janet Kitz 's non-fiction book Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and the Road to Recovery In , Halifax sent a Christmas tree to the City of Boston in thanks and remembrance for the help that the Boston Red Cross and the Massachusetts Public Safety Committee provided immediately after the disaster.
The gift was later taken over by the Nova Scotia Government to continue the goodwill gesture as well as to promote trade and tourism. In deference to its symbolic importance for both cities, the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources has specific guidelines for selecting the tree. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the disaster. For other uses, see Halifax Explosion disambiguation. A view of the pyrocumulus cloud. Part of a series on the. Halifax former city — Dartmouth — Bedford — Halifax County — Halifax amalgamated —present.
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