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Marcos and his allies claimed that Benigno Aquino Jr. Most historians continue to hold Marcos responsible for the Plaza Miranda bombing as he is known to have used false flag operations as a pretext for martial law. The agency was also almost certain that none of the bombings were perpetrated by Communists. US intelligence documents declassified in the s contained further evidence implicating Marcos, provided by a CIA mole within the Philippine army.
Another false flag attack took place with the attempted assassination of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile in President Nixon approved Marcos' martial law initiative immediately afterwards. Marcos' suspension of the writ became the event that forced many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like Edgar Jopson , to join the ranks of the radicals.
In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government. Plaza Miranda was soon followed by a series of about twenty explosions which took place in various locations in Metro Manila in the months immediately proceeding Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law.
The Marcos regime officially attributed the explosions communist "urban guerillas", [] and Marcos included them in the list of "inciting events" which served as rationalizations for his declaration of Martial Law. However, only one of these incidents - the one in the Carriedo shopping mall - went beyond damage to property; one woman was killed and about 40 persons were injured.
He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos's book Notes on the New Society , it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization.
Economic reforms suddenly became possible under martial law. The powerful opponents of reform were silenced and the organized opposition was also quilted. In the past, it took enormous wrangling and preliminary stage-managing of political forces before a piece of economic reform legislation could even pass through Congress. Now it was possible to have the needed changes undertaken through presidential decree. Marcos wanted to deliver major changes in an economic policy that the government had tried to propose earlier. The enormous shift in the mood of the nation showed from within the government after martial law was imposed.
The testimonies of officials of private chambers of commerce and of private businessmen dictated enormous support for what was happening. At least, the objectives of the development were now being achieved The Marcos regime instituted a mandatory youth organization, known as the Kabataang Barangay , which was led by Marcos's eldest daughter Imee. Presidential Decree , enacted in April , required that all youths aged 15 to 18 be sent to remote rural camps and do volunteer work.
Martial Law was put on vote in July in the Philippine Martial Law referendum, and was marred with controversy [40] [41] resulting to Between and , Marcos increased the size of the Philippine military from 65, to , personnel, in response to the fall of South Vietnam to the communists and the growing tide of communism in South East Asia. Military officers were placed on the boards of a variety of media corporations, public utilities, development projects, and other private corporations, most of whom were highly educated and well-trained graduates of the Philippine Military Academy.
At the same time, Marcos made efforts to foster the growth of a domestic weapons manufacturing industry and heavily increased military spending. Many human rights abuses were attributed to the Philippine Constabulary which was then headed by future president Fidel Ramos. During his martial law regime, Marcos confiscated and appropriated by force and duress many businesses and institutions, both private and public, and redistributed them to his cronies and close personal friends. Two of these friends were Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.
These associates of Marcos then used these as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as " crony capitalism " for personal benefit.
Graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering , and embezzlement became more prevalent during this era. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the press of the state propaganda the only legal one, which was a common practice for governments around the world that sought to fight communism. Marcos and his close Rolex 12 associates like Juan Ponce Enrile used their powers to settle scores against old rivals such as the Lopezes who were always opposed to the Marcos administration.
Enrile and the Lopezes Eugenio Lopez Sr. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. At this point, Marcos controlled both the oligarchy and the oligopoly. By , the armed forces had quadrupled and over 60, Filipinos had been arrested for political reasons.
In , Vice President George H.
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Bush praised Marcos for his "adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic processes". From the declaration of martial law in until the U. In a U. Senate report it was stated that U. In June , two anti-Marcos labor activists were assassinated outside of a union hall in Seattle. Prior to the Marcos administration, the Philippine government had maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang -ruled Republic of China ROC government which had fled to the island of Taiwan , despite the victory of the Communist Party of China in the Chinese Communist Revolution.
Prior administrations had seen the People's Republic of China PRC as a security threat, due to its financial and military support of Communist rebels in the country.
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By , however, Ferdinand Marcos started publicly asserting the need for the Philippines to establish a diplomatic relationship with the People's Republic of China. In his State of the Nation Address, he said: We, in Asia must strive toward a modus vivendi with Red China. I reiterate this need, which is becoming more urgent each day. Before long, Communist China will have increased its striking power a thousand fold with a sophisticated delivery system for its nuclear weapons.
We must prepare for that day. We must prepare to coexist peaceably with Communist China. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, "they local communist party officials wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the Chinese government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". The Philippine parliamentary election, was held on April 7, for the election of the of the regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Pambansa the nation's first parliament.
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All of the party's candidates, including Ninoy, lost in the election. In , the position returned when Ferdinand Marcos became Prime Minister. Based on Article 9 of the constitution, it had broad executive powers that would be typical of modern prime ministers in other countries. The position was the official head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. All of the previous powers of the President from the Constitution were transferred to the newly restored office of Prime Minister.
Upon his re-election to the Presidency in , Marcos was succeeded as Prime Minister by an American-educated leader and Wharton graduate, Cesar Virata , who was elected as an Assemblyman Member of the Parliament from Cavite in After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan, his supposed successor body to the Congress, under his control, President Marcos issued Proclamation , which technically "lifted" martial law, on January 17, However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao.
The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere "face lifting" as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process, and we will not leave you in isolation. On June 16, , six months after the lifting of martial law, the first presidential election in twelve years was held. President Marcos ran and won a massive victory over the other candidates. The group was able to return to urban areas and form relationships with legal opposition organizations, and became increasingly successful in attacks against the government throughout the country.
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On August 21, , opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. He had returned to the Philippines after three years in exile in the United States, where he had a heart bypass operation to save his life after Marcos allowed him to leave the Philippines to seek medical care. Victor Corpuz, were sentenced to death by a military commission on charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion. A few months before his assassination, Ninoy had decided to return to the Philippines after his research fellowship from Harvard University had finished.
The opposition blamed Marcos directly for the assassination while others blamed the military and his wife, Imelda. Popular speculation pointed to three suspects; the first was Marcos himself through his trusted military chief Fabian Ver; the second theory pointed to his wife Imelda who had her own burning ambition now that her ailing husband seemed to be getting weaker, and the third theory was that Danding Cojuangco planned the assassination because of his own political ambitions.
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Martinez also alleged only he and Galman knew of the assassination, and that Galman was the actual shooter, which is not corroborated by other evidence of the case. In August , 56 Assemblymen signed a resolution calling for the impeachment of President Marcos for alleged diversion of U. The Assembly also included in the complaint the misuse and misapplication of funds "for the construction of the Manila Film Center , where X-rated and pornographic films [ citation needed ] are exhibited, contrary to public morals and Filipino customs and traditions.
During his third term, Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments, as a complication of a chronic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus. He had a kidney transplant in August , and when his body rejected the first kidney transplant, he had a second transplant in November Police said he was kidnapped and slain by communist rebels.
Marcos dismissed speculations of his ailing health as he used to be an avid golfer and fitness buff who liked showing off his physique. President Ronald Reagan started distancing himself from the Marcos regime that he and previous American presidents had strongly supported even after Marcos declared martial law. The United States, which had provided hundreds of millions of dollars in aid, was crucial in buttressing Marcos's rule over the years, [] although during the Carter administration the relationship with the U.
The year period of Philippine economic history during Ferdinand Marcos' regime - from his election in until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in was a period of significant economic highs and lows. To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders.
As a former colony of the United States, the Philippines was heavily reliant on the American economy to purchase agricultural goods such as sugar, [] tobacco, coconut, bananas, and pineapple [] [] and US corporations prospered. Foreign capital was invited to invest in certain industrial projects. They were offered incentives, including tax exemption privileges and the privilege of bringing out their profits in foreign currencies. One of the most important economic programs in the s was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran Movement for Livelihood and Progress. This program was started in September It aimed to promote the economic development of the barangays by encouraging its residents to engage in their own livelihood projects.