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- A woman started dating her sperm donor 12 years after she gave birth to their child
Studies have indicated that donor insemination fathers express more warmth and emotional involvement than fathers by natural conception and adoption, enjoy fatherhood more, and are less involved in disciplining their adolescent. Some donor insemination parents become overly involved with their children. Adolescents born through sperm donation to lesbian mothers have reported themselves to be academically successful, with active friendship networks, strong family bonds, and overall high ratings of well-being.
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A systematic review came to the result that altruism and financial compensation are the main motivations to donate, and to a lesser degree procreation or genetic fatherhood and questions about the donor's own fertility. Reluctance to donate may be caused by a sense of ownership and responsibility for the well-being of the offspring. In the UK, the National Gamete Donation Trust [44] is a charity which provides information, advice and support for people wishing to become egg, sperm or embryo donors.
14 years ago he was her sperm donor, today the two are a couple - National | media-aid.com
The Trust runs a national helpline and online discussion list for donors to talk to each other. A review came to the result that one in three actual donors would like counselling to address certain implications of their donation, expecting that counselling could help them to give their decision some thought and to look at all the involved parties in the donation. A systematic review in came to the conclusion that the psychosocial needs and experiences of the donors, and their follow-up and counselling are largely neglected in studies on sperm donation.
Anonymous sperm donation occurs under the condition that recipients and offspring will never learn the identity of the donor. A non-anonymous donor, however, will disclose his identity to recipients. A donor who makes a non-anonymous sperm donation is termed a known donor , an open identity donor , or an identity release donor.
Non-anonymous sperm donors are, to a substantially higher degree, driven by altruistic motives for their donations. Even in the case of anonymous donation, some information about the donor may be released to recipients at the time of treatment. Limited donor information includes height, weight, eye, skin and hair colour. In Sweden, this is the extent of disclosed information. This is generally based on the principle that a child has a right to know his or her biological origins.
In , a German court precedent was set based on a case brought by a year-old woman. See Sperm donation laws by country. For most sperm recipients, anonymity of the donor is not of major importance at the obtainment or tryer -stage. Another reason that recipients choose anonymous donors is concern about the role that the donor or the child may want the donor to play in the child's life.
Sperm recipients may prefer a non-anonymous donor if they anticipate disclosing donor conception to their child and anticipate the child's desire to seek more information about their donor in the future. For children conceived by an anonymous donor, the impossibility of contacting a biological father or the inability to find information about him can potentially be psychologically burdensome. It resulted that none of the donors said that there was "no relationship", a third of donors felt it was a special relationship, almost like a very good friend, and a quarter felt it was merely a genetic bond and nothing more.
Fifteen percent of actual donors considered offspring to be "their own children". An Australian study concluded that potential donors who would still be willing to donate without a guarantee of anonymity were not automatically more open to extended or intimate contact with offspring. Even when donors choose to be anonymous, offspring may still find ways to learn more about their biological origins. Registries and DNA databases have been developed for this purpose. Registries that help donor-conceived offspring identify half-siblings from other mothers also help avoid accidental incest in adulthood.
Offspring of anonymous donors may often have the ability to obtain their biological father's donor number from the fertility clinic or sperm bank used for their birth. They may then share their number on a registry. By finding shared donor numbers, offspring may find their genetic half-siblings. The donor may also find his number on a registry and choose to make contact with his offspring or otherwise reveal his identity. Even sperm donors who have chosen anonymity and not to contact their offspring through a registry are now increasingly being traced by their children. Improved DNA technology has brought into question the possibility of assuring a donor's anonymity.
For example, at least one child found his biological father using his own DNA test and internet research, and was able to identify and contact his anonymous donor. Different factors motivate individuals to seek sperm from outside their home state. For example, some jurisdictions do not allow unmarried women to receive donor sperm.
Jurisdictional regulatory choices as well as cultural factors that discourage sperm donation have also led to international fertility tourism and sperm markets. When Sweden banned anonymous sperm donation in , the number of active sperm donors dropped from approximately to Some of this is also due to the fact that Denmark also allows single women to be inseminated.
After the United Kingdom ended anonymous sperm donation in , the numbers of sperm donors went up, reversing a three-year decline. Despite the shortage, sperm exports from the UK are legal and donors may remain anonymous in this context. However, the HFEA does impose safeguards on the export of sperm, such as that it must be exported to fertility clinics only and that the result of any treatment must be traceable.
Sperm banks impose their own limits on the number of pregnancies obtained from exported sperm. The sperm must have been processed, stored and quarantined in compliance with UK regulations. The donors have agreed to be identified when the children produced with their sperm reach the age of eighteen.
Korean Bioethics Law prohibits selling and buying of sperm between clinics, and each donor may only help giving rise to a child to one single couple. Canada prohibits payment for gamete donation beyond the reimbursement of expenses. The United States , which permits monetary compensation for sperm donors, has had an increase in sperm donors during the late s recession [62].
The use of sperm donation is most common among single women and lesbians.
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This produces many ethical issues around the ideals of conventional parenting and has wider issues for society as a whole, including the issues of the role of men as parents, family support for children, and financial support for women with children. The growth of sperm banks and fertility clinics, the use of sperm agencies and the availability of anonymous donor sperm have served to make sperm donation a more respectable, and therefore a more socially acceptable, procedure.
A study has indicated that both men and women view the use of donor sperm with more skepticism compared with the use of donor eggs, suggesting a unique underlying perception regarding the use of male donor gametes. As acceptance of sperm donation has generally increased, so has the level of questioning as to whether 'artificial' means of conception are necessary, and some donor children too, have been critical of the procedures which were taken to bring them into the world.
However, while some donors may be willing to offer this as a method of impregnation, it has many critics and it also raises further legal and social challenges. Some donor children grow up wishing to find out who their fathers were, but others may be wary of embarking on such a search since they fear they may find scores of half-siblings who have been produced from the same sperm donor. Even though local laws or rules may restrict the numbers of offspring from a single donor, there are no worldwide limitations or controls and most sperm banks will onsell and export all their remaining stocks of vials of sperm when local maxima have been attained see 'onselling' above.
One item of research has suggested that donor children have a greater likelihood of substance abuse , mental illness and criminal behavior when grown. Coming forward publicly with problems is difficult for donor-conceived people as these issues are very personal and a public statement may attract criticism. Additionally, it may upset their parents if they speak out.
A website called Anonymous Us [68] has been set up where they can post details of their experiences anonymously, on which there are many accounts of problems. There are a wide range of religious responses to sperm donation, with some religious thinkers entirely in support of the use of donor sperm for pregnancy, some who support its use under certain conditions, and some entirely against.
Catholicism officially opposes both the donation of sperm and the use of donor sperm on the basis that it compromises the sexual unity of the marital relationship and the idea "that the procreation of a human person be brought about as the fruit of the conjugal act specific to the love between spouses. Jewish thinkers hold a broad range of positions on sperm donation.
Speed Dating For Sperm Donors
Some Jewish communities are totally against sperm donation from donors that are not the husbands of the recipient, while others have approved the use of donor insemination in some form, while liberal communities accept it entirely. The Southern Baptist Convention holds that sperm donation from a third party violates the marital bond. In , Professor William Pancoast of Philadelphia's Jefferson Medical College performed an insemination on the wife of a sterile Quaker merchant, which may be the first insemination procedure that resulted in the birth of a child.
Instead of taking the sperm from the husband, the professor chloroformed the woman, then let his medical students vote which one of among them was "best looking", with that elected one providing the sperm that was then syringed into her cervix. As a result of this experiment, the merchant's wife gave birth to a son, who became the first known child by donor insemination.
The case was not revealed until , when a letter by Addison Davis Hard appeared in the American journal Medical World , highlighting the procedure. Since then, a few doctors began to perform private donor insemination. Such procedures were regarded as intensely private, if not secret, by the parties involved.
Records were usually not maintained so that donors could not be identified for paternity proceedings. Technology permitted the use of fresh sperm only, and it is thought that sperm largely came from the doctors and their male staff, although occasionally they would engage private donors who were able to donate on short notice on a regular basis. In , Mary Barton and others published an article in the British Medical Journal on sperm donation.
This clinic helped conceive 1, babies of which Mary Barton's husband, Bertold Weisner , probably fathered about The first successful human pregnancy using frozen sperm was in Donor insemination provoked heated public debate. In the United Kingdom, the Archbishop of Canterbury established the first in a long procession of commissions that, over the years, inquired into the practice. It was at first condemned by the Lambeth Conference , which recommended that it be made a criminal offence. A Parliamentary Commission agreed. In Italy, the Pope declared donor insemination a sin, and proposed that anyone using the procedure be sent to prison.
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Sperm donation gained popularity in the s and s. In many western countries, sperm donation is now a largely accepted procedure. In the US and elsewhere, there are a large number of sperm banks. A sperm bank in the US pioneered the use of on-line search catalogues for donor sperm, and these facilities are now widely available on the websites of sperm banks and fertility clinics.
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Recent years have also seen sperm donation become relatively less popular among heterosexual couples, who now have access to more sophisticated fertility treatments, and more popular among single women and lesbian couples [1] - whose access to the procedure is relatively new and still prohibited in some jurisdictions.
In , the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois granted a husband a divorce because, regardless of the husband's consent, the woman's donor insemination constituted adultery, and that donor insemination was "contrary to public policy and good morals, and considered adultery on the mother's part. As such, it is the child of the mother, and the father has no rights or interest in said child.
However, the following year, Georgia became the first state to pass a statute legitimizing children conceived by donor insemination, on the condition that both the husband and wife consented in advance in writing to the procedure. This act provides that if a wife is artificially inseminated with donor semen under a physician's supervision, and with her husband's consent, the husband is legally considered the natural father of the donor inseminated child.
That law was followed by similar legislation in many states. The first commercial sperm bank in the United States opened in Roseville, Minnesota in In the United Kingdom, the Warnock Committee was formed in July to consider issues of sperm donation and assisted reproduction techniques. Many of these clinics had started to offer sperm donation before the widespread use of freezing techniques. Commonly, infertility of a male partner or sterilisation was a reason for treatment.
A woman started dating her sperm donor 12 years after she gave birth to their child
Donations were anonymous and unregulated. The Warnock Committee's report was published on July 18, That act provided for a system of licensing for fertility clinics and procedures.
It also provided that, where a male donates sperm at a licensed clinic in the UK and his sperm is used at a UK clinic to impregnate a female, the male is not legally responsible for the resulting child.