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Some of these groups prefer to refer to themselves as Witches , thereby distinguishing themselves from the BTW traditions, who more typically use the term Wiccan see Etymology. Many traditions, including those of British Traditional Wicca, require formal initiation within an established coven for membership of their respective traditions. In this manner, all BTW's can trace a direct line of descent all the way back to Gardner.
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Other traditions, however, do not hold this to be necessary. Wicca has also been "customized" to the various different national contexts into which it has been introduced; for instance, in Ireland, the veneration of ancient Irish deities has been incorporated into Wicca. Lineaged Wicca is organised into covens of initiated priests and priestesses. Covens are autonomous, and are generally headed by a High Priest and a High Priestess working in partnership, being a couple who have each been through their first, second and third degrees of initiation.
Occasionally the leaders of a coven are only second-degree initiates, in which case they come under the rule of the parent coven. Initiation and training of new priesthood is most often performed within a coven environment, but this is not a necessity, and a few initiated Wiccans are unaffiliated with any coven.
A commonly quoted Wiccan tradition holds that the ideal number of members for a coven is thirteen , though this is not held as a hard-and-fast rule. When covens grow beyond their ideal number of members, they often split or "hive" into multiple covens, yet remain connected as a group. Initiation into a coven is traditionally preceded by an apprenticeship period of a year and a day.
Wicca - Wikipedia
In some covens a "dedication" ceremony may be performed during this period, some time before the initiation proper, allowing the person to attend certain rituals on a probationary basis. Some solitary Wiccans also choose to study for a year and a day before their self-dedication to the religion. A large number of Wiccans do not exclusively follow any single tradition or even are initiated.
These eclectic Wiccans each create their own syncretic spiritual paths by adopting and reinventing the beliefs and rituals of a variety of religious traditions connected to Wicca and broader Paganism. While the origins of modern Wiccan practice lie in covenantal activity of select few initiates in established lineages, eclectic Wiccans are more often than not solitary practitioners uninitiated in any tradition. A widening public appetite, especially in the United States , made traditional initiation unable to satisfy demand for involvement in Wicca.
Since the s, larger, more informal, often publicly advertised camps and workshops began to take place. Eclectic Wicca is the most popular variety of Wicca in America [] and eclectics now significantly outnumber lineaged Wiccans. Eclectic Wicca is not necessarily the complete abandonment of tradition. Eclectic practitioners may follow their own individual ideas and ritual practices, while still drawing on one or more religious or philosophical paths.
Wicca was founded in England between and , [] representing what the historian Ronald Hutton called "the only full-formed religion which England can be said to have given the world". Wicca took as its basis the witch-cult hypothesis. This was the idea that those persecuted as witches during the early modern period in Europe were not, as the persecutors had claimed, followers of Satanism , nor were they innocent people who confessed to witchcraft under threat of torture, as had long been the historical consensus, but rather that they were adherents of a surviving pre-Christian pagan religion.
The idea that covens should have 13 members was developed by Murray, based on a single witness statement from one of the witch trials, as was her assertion that covens met on the cross-quarter days four times per year. For example, many of the confessions included the idea that Satan was personally present at coven meetings.
Murray interpreted this as a witch priest wearing horns and animal skins, and a pair of forked boots to represent his authority or rank; most mainstream folklorists, on the other hand, have argued that the entire scenario was always fictitious and does not require a naturalistic explanation, but Gardner enthusiastically adopted many of Murray's explanations into his own tradition.
Other influences upon early Wicca included various Western esoteric traditions and practices, among them ceremonial magic , Aleister Crowley and his religion of Thelema , Freemasonry , Spiritualism , and Theosophy. It was during the s that the first evidence appears for the practice of a pagan Witchcraft religion [] what would be recognisable now as Wicca in England. It seems that several groups around the country, in such places as Norfolk , [] Cheshire [] and the New Forest had set themselves up as continuing in the tradition of Murray's Witch-Cult, albeit with influences coming from disparate sources such as ceremonial magic , folk magic , Freemasonry , Theosophy , Romanticism , Druidry , classical mythology , and Asian religions.
Gardner was a retired British civil servant and amateur anthropologist , with a broad familiarity in paganism and occultism. He claimed to have been initiated into a witches' coven in New Forest , Hampshire , in the late s. Intent on perpetuating this craft, Gardner founded the Bricket Wood coven with his wife Donna in the s, after buying the Naturist Fiveacres Country Club. The Witchcraft religion became more prominent beginning in , with the repeal of the Witchcraft Act of , after which Gerald Gardner and then others such as Charles Cardell and Cecil Williamson began publicising their own versions of the Craft.
Gardner and others never used the term "Wicca" as a religious identifier, simply referring to the "witch cult", "witchcraft", and the "Old Religion". However, Gardner did refer to witches as "the Wica".
Following Gardner's death in , the Craft continued to grow unabated despite sensationalism and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like Robert Cochrane , Sybil Leek , and most importantly Alex Sanders , whose Alexandrian Wicca , which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on ceremonial magic , spread quickly and gained much media attention.
Around this time, the term "Wicca" began to be commonly adopted over "Witchcraft" and the faith was exported to countries like Australia and the United States.
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It was in the United States and in Australia that new, home-grown traditions, sometimes based upon earlier, regional folk-magical traditions and often mixed with the basic structure of Gardnerian Wicca, began to develop, including Victor Anderson 's Feri Tradition , Joseph Wilson's Tradition , Aidan Kelly 's New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn , and eventually Zsuzsanna Budapest 's Dianic Wicca , each of which emphasised different aspects of the faith.
Similar books continued to be published throughout the s and s, fuelled by the writings of such authors as Doreen Valiente , Janet Farrar , Stewart Farrar , and Scott Cunningham , who popularised the idea of self-initiation into the Craft. Among witches in Canada, anthropologist Dr. Heather Botting nee Harden of the University of Victoria has been one of the most prominent, having been the first recognized Wiccan chaplain of a public university.
In the s, amid ever-rising numbers of self-initiates, the popular media began to explore "witchcraft" in fictional films like The Craft and television series like Charmed — , introducing numbers of young people to the idea of religious witchcraft. This growing demographic was soon catered to through the Internet and by authors like Silver RavenWolf , much to the criticism of traditional Wiccan groups and individuals. In response to the way that Wicca was increasingly portrayed as trendy, eclectic, and influenced by the New Age movement, many Witches turned to the pre-Gardnerian origins of the Craft, and to the traditions of his rivals like Cardell and Cochrane, describing themselves as following " Traditional Witchcraft ".
According to Gerald Gardner's account in Witchcraft Today and The Meaning of Witchcraft , Wicca is the survival of a European witch-cult that was persecuted during the witch trials. The notion of the survival of Wiccan traditions and rituals from ancient sources is contested by most recent researchers, who suggest that Wicca is a 20th-century creation which combines elements of freemasonry and 19th-century occultism. In his book The Triumph of the Moon , Bristol University history professor Ronald Hutton researched the Wiccan claim that ancient pagan customs have survived into modern times after being Christianised in medieval times as folk practices.
Hutton found that most of the folk customs which are claimed to have pagan roots such as the Maypole dance actually date from the Middle Ages.
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He concluded that the idea that medieval revels were pagan in origin is a legacy of the Protestant Reformation. Modern scholarly investigations have concluded that Witch trials were substantially fewer than the number claimed by Gardner, and seldom held at the behest of religious authorities. For example, in the book Witches and Neighbors , Robin Briggs examines the history of witchcraft in medieval Europe and refutes the widely told story that large numbers of independent women were burned at the stake by vindictive Christian ecclesiastics for the crime of practising naturalistic healing or neopagan religion.
Some scholars estimate that a total of 40, people were executed as witches during the entire medieval period, and that church authorities participated reluctantly in this process, which was largely fuelled by the political turmoil of the Reformation. The actual number of Wiccans worldwide is unknown, and it has been noted that it is more difficult to establish the numbers of members of Neopagan faiths than many other religions due to their disorganised structure.
From this, they developed a median estimate of , members. Leo Ruickbie []. In the United States, the American Religious Identification Survey has shown significant increases in the number of self-identified Wiccans, from 8, in , to , in , and , in In the United Kingdom, census figures on religion were first collected in ; no detailed statistics were reported outside of the six main religions. Wicca emerged in a predominantly Christian country, and from its inception the religion encountered opposition from certain Christian groups as well as from the popular tabloids like the News of the World.
Some Christians still believe that Wicca is a form of Satanism , despite important differences between these two religions. Revealing oneself as a Wiccan to family, friends or colleagues is often termed "coming out of the broom-closet". The religious studies scholar Graham Harvey noted that "the popular and prevalent media image [of Wicca] is mostly inaccurate". In the United States, a number of legal decisions have improved and validated the status of Wiccans, especially Dettmer v.
However, Wiccans have encountered opposition from some politicians and Christian organisations, [] [] including former president of the United States George W. Bush , who stated that he did not believe Wicca to be a religion. In the United States Department of Veterans Affairs after years of dispute added the Pentagram to the list of emblems of belief that can be included on government-issued markers, headstones, and plaques honoring deceased veterans. Heather Botting "Lady Aurora" and Dr. Gary Botting "Pan" , the original high priestess and high priest of Coven Celeste and founding elders of the Aquarian Tabernacle Church , successfully campaigned the British Columbian government and the federal government in to allow them to perform recognised Wiccan weddings, to become prison and hospital chaplains, and in the case of Heather Botting to become the first officially recognized Wiccan chaplain in a public university.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the duotheistic religion. For other uses, see Wicca disambiguation. Wiccan views of divinity. The Gods are real, not as persons, but as vehicles of power. Briefly, it may be explained that the personification of a particular type of cosmic power in the form of a God or Goddess, carried out by believers and worshippers over many centuries, builds that God-form or Magical Image into a potent reality on the Inner Planes, and makes it a means by which that type of cosmic power may be contacted.
The point [of magic in Witchcraft] is to make the "bendable" world bend to your will Unless you possess a rock-firm faith in your own powers and in the operability of your spell, you will not achieve the burning intensity of will and imagination which is requisite to make the magic work.
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